Which Answer Choice Correctly Lists Components Found In The Extracellular Matrix Of Animals?

4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects

Learning Objectives

Depict the structural characteristics of the various connective tissues and how these characteristics enable their functions.

By the end of this section, yous will be able to:

Identify and distinguish betwixt the dissimilar type of connective tissue: proper, supportive, and fluid – and acquaintance each with their function and location
Describe the common structural elements of connective tissue
Draw how the structural properties of connective tissue relate to the unique functions of the tissue

Functions of Connective Tissues

Connective tissues perform many functions in the body, most chiefly, they support and connect other tissues: from the connective tissue sheath that surrounds a muscle, to the tendons that adhere muscles to bones, and to the skeleton that supports the positions of the trunk. Protection is another major function of connective tissue, in the form of fibrous capsules and basic that protect delicate organs. Specialized cells in connective tissue defend the body from microorganisms that enter the body. Transport of gases, nutrients, waste matter, and chemic messengers is ensured by specialized fluid connective tissues, such as blood and lymph. Adipose cells store surplus energy in the form of fat and contribute to the thermal insulation of the body.

Embryonic Connective Tissue

All connective tissues derive from the mesodermal layer of the embryo (encounter Effigy iv.2.two). The start connective tissue to develop in the embryo is mesenchyme, the stem prison cell line from which all connective tissues are afterwards derived. Clusters of mesenchymal cells are scattered throughout developed tissue and supply the cells needed for replacement and repair afterward a connective tissue injury. A 2nd type of embryonic connective tissue forms in the umbilical cord, chosen mucous connective tissue or Wharton's jelly. This tissue is no longer present after birth, leaving only scattered mesenchymal cells throughout the body.

Structural Elements of Connective Tissue

Connective tissues come in a vast variety of forms, nonetheless they typically accept in mutual iii characteristic components: cells, large amounts of baggy basis substance, and protein fibers. Unlike epithelial tissue, which is equanimous of cells closely packed together, cells of connective tissue are more widely dispersed inside an extracellular matrix (ECM). The matrix plays a major role in the functioning of this tissue. The major component of the matrix is ground substance. This ground substance is normally a fluid, but information technology can as well be mineralized and solid, as in bones. The amount and structure of each component correlates with the office of the tissue, from the rigid footing substance in basic supporting the torso to the inclusion of specialized cells; for case, a phagocytic cell that engulfs pathogens and also rids tissue of cellular debris.

Prison cell Types

Each course of connective tissue is formed by fundamental prison cell types. The cells can be found in both an active form (suffix –blast), where they are dividing and secreting the components of ground substance, and an in-active form (suffix –cyte). The most abundant jail cell in connective tissue proper is the fibroblast. Polysaccharides and proteins secreted by fibroblasts combine with extra-cellular fluids to produce a gummy ground substance that, with embedded fibrous proteins and cells, forms the actress-cellular matrix. Chondroblasts and osteoblasts are the primary specialized cell type located in cartilage and os, respectively.

Adipocytes are cells that store lipids equally aerosol that fill well-nigh of the cytoplasm. There are ii bones types of adipocytes: white and brown. The chocolate-brown adipocytes shop lipids as many droplets, and have loftier metabolic activity. In contrast, white fat adipocytes store lipids as a unmarried large driblet and are metabolically less active. Their effectiveness at storing big amounts of fatty is witnessed in obese individuals. The number and type of adipocytes depends on the tissue and location, and vary among individuals in the population.

The mesenchymal cell is a multipotent adult stem jail cell. These cells can differentiate into any type of connective tissue cells needed for repair and healing of damaged tissue.

The macrophage cell is a large cell derived from a monocyte, a blazon of blood jail cell, which enters the connective tissue matrix from the blood vessels. The macrophage cells are an essential component of the immune organisation, which is the body'southward defense against potential pathogens and degraded host cells. When stimulated, macrophages release cytokines, minor proteins that deed as chemical messengers. Cytokines recruit other cells of the immune organization to infected sites and stimulate their activities. Roaming, or gratis, macrophages move rapidly past amoeboid movement, engulfing infectious agents and cellular debris. In contrast, fixed macrophages are permanent residents of their tissues.

The mast cell, found in connective tissue proper, has many cytoplasmic granules. These granules incorporate the chemic signals histamine and heparin. When irritated or damaged, mast cells release histamine, an inflammatory mediator, which causes vasodilation and increased blood flow at a site of injury or infection, along with itching, swelling, and redness (in people with light skin), recognized as an allergic response. Mast cells are derived from hematopoietic stalk cells and are part of the immune organization.

Connective Tissue Fibers and Footing Substance

Three principal types of fibers are secreted by fibroblasts: collagen fibers, rubberband fibers, and reticular fibers. Collagen fiber is fabricated from fibrous protein subunits linked together to form a long, direct fiber. Collagen fibers, while flexible, take great tensile strength, resist stretching, and give ligaments and tendons their characteristic resilience.

An elastic fiber contains the protein elastin forth with lesser amounts of other proteins and glycoproteins. The main property of elastin is that subsequently existence stretched or compressed, it will return to its original shape. Elastic fibers are prominent in elastic tissues constitute in pare, the walls of big blood vessels, and in a few ligaments which support the spine.

A reticular fiber is formed from the same protein subunits equally collagen fibers, however, these fibers remain narrow and are arranged in a branching network. They are plant throughout the body, simply are well-nigh abundant in the reticular tissue of soft organs, such every bit the liver and spleen, where they anchor and provide structural support to the parenchyma (the functional cells, blood vessels, and nerves of the organ).

All of these fiber types are embedded in ground substance. Secreted past fibroblasts, footing substance is made of polysaccharides, specifically hyaluronic acid, and proteins. These combine to form a proteoglycan with a protein cadre and polysaccharide branches. The proteoglycan attracts and traps available moisture forming the clear, viscous, colorless basis substance.

Classification of Connective Tissues

The three wide categories of connective tissue are classified according to the characteristics of their ground substance and the types of fibers institute inside the matrix (Table 4.one). Connective tissue proper includes loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue. Both tissues have a diverseness of cell types and poly peptide fibers suspended in a mucilaginous basis substance. Dense connective tissue is reinforced past bundles of fibers that provide tensile strength, elasticity, and protection. In loose connective tissue, the fibers are loosely organized, leaving large spaces in betwixt. Supportive connective tissue—os and cartilage—provide construction and force to the body and protect soft tissues. A few singled-out prison cell types and densely packed fibers in a matrix characterize these tissues. In bone, the matrix is rigid and described as calcified because of the deposited calcium salts. In fluid connective tissue, lymph and blood, various specialized cells circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins.

Table four.1
Connective tissue proper	Supportive connective tissue	Fluid connective tissue
Loose connective tissue: Areolar Adipose Reticular	Cartilage: Hyaline Fibrocartilage Elastic	Blood
Dense connective tissue: Regular Irregular Elastic	Bone: Compact bone Spongy os	Lymph

Connective Tissue Proper

Fibroblasts are present in all connective tissue proper (Effigy 4.3.1). Fibrocytes, adipocytes, and mesenchymal cells are fixed cells, which means they remain inside the connective tissue. Other cells move in and out of the connective tissue in response to chemical signals. Macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and phagocytic cells are plant in connective tissue proper but are actually part of the allowed system protecting the body.

The left image shows a diagram of connective tissue. As a whole, the connective tissue appears somewhat disorganized, with fibers and cells mixed together heterogeneously. There are many open spaces between the embedded elements, suggesting that the connective tissue is somewhat loosely packed. The thickest fibers are collagen fibers; the thinner fibers are elastic fibers. Both the collagen fibers and the elastic fibers crisscross randomly throughout the tissue. In addition, a net of reticular fibers appear in the upper part of the diagram. Two yellow and oval shaped adipocytes are embedded below the reticular fiber net, with a small dark nucleus squeezed into one corner of the cell. A mesenchymal cell is next to one of the adipocytes. The cell is rectangular and has four projections stemming from each corner of the cell. The projections appear to attach to the nearby collagen fibers. A fibroblast is located at the center of the diagram. The fibroblast appears similar to the mesenchymal cell, except that it is larger and has more projections. Finally, a white macrophage is in the lower right of the diagram. The macrophage is a white, oval shaped disc with a prominent nucleus. The right diagram is a micrograph of connective tissue. The tissue is mostly stained pink, however, the thick collagen fibers crisscrossing the tissue are white. Five adipocytes also appear white, except for their cell membrane and nucleus, which stained dark. A mesenchymal cell occupies the space between two adipocytes. It stains a very deep purple, but its shape is unclear in the micrograph. A fibrocyte is also visible as an oval shaped cell with a deep purple nucleus. — **Effigy 4.3.ane – Connective Tissue Proper:** Fibroblasts produce this fibrous tissue. Connective tissue proper includes the fixed cells fibrocytes, adipocytes, and mesenchymal cells (LM × 400). (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School © 2012)

Loose Connective Tissue

Loose connective tissue is found between many organs where it acts both to absorb shock and demark tissues together. It allows water, salts, and diverse nutrients to lengthened through to adjacent or imbedded cells and tissues.

Adipose tissue consists generally of fat storage cells, with little extracellular matrix (Figure iv.3.2). A large number of capillaries let rapid storage and mobilization of lipid molecules. White adipose tissue is about abundant. It can announced yellow and owes its color to carotene and related pigments from establish food. White fat contributes by and large to lipid storage and can serve as insulation from common cold temperatures and mechanical injuries. White adipose tissue can be found protecting the kidneys, cushioning the back of the eye, within the belly, and in the hypodermis. Chocolate-brown adipose tissue is more common in infants, hence the term "baby fat." In adults, there is a reduced corporeality of brown fat and information technology is found mainly in the neck and clavicular regions of the body. The many mitochondria in the cytoplasm of dark-brown adipose tissue assist explicate its efficiency at metabolizing stored fat. Brown adipose tissue is thermogenic, meaning that as it breaks down fats, it releases metabolic heat, rather than producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a key molecule used in metabolism.

Image A shows a collection of yellow adipocytes that do not have a consistent shape or size, however, most have the general appearance of a kernel of corn with a wide end that tapers to a point. Each adipocyte has a nucleus occupying a small area on one side of the cell. Nothing else is visible within the cells. Image B shows a micrograph of adipose tissue. Here, the adipocytes are stained purple. However, only their edges and their nuclei stain, giving the adipose tissue a honeycomb appearance. The adipocytes in the micrograph are large and round, but still show a diversity of shapes and sizes. The nucleus appears as a dark staining area very close to the cell membrane. — **Figure 4.3.two – Adipose Tissue:** This is a loose connective tissue that consists of fatty cells with little extracellular matrix. It stores fat for free energy and provides insulation (LM × 800). (Micrograph provided past the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School © 2012)

Areolar tissue shows relatively petty specialization and is the nigh widely distributed connective tissue in the trunk. It contains all the jail cell types and fibers previously described and is structured in an apparently random, web-like way. It fills the spaces between muscle fibers, surrounds blood and lymph vessels, and supports organs in the abdominal cavity. Areolar tissue underlies nigh epithelia and represents the connective tissue component of epithelial membranes.

Reticular tissue is a mesh-like, supportive framework for soft organs such as lymphatic tissue, the spleen, and the liver (Figure four.3.3). The reticular fibers form the network onto which other cells adhere. Information technology derives its name from the Latin reticulus, which means "little net."

This figure shows reticular tissue alongside a micrograph. The diagram shows a series of small, oval cells embedded in a yellowish matrix. Thin reticular fibers spread and crisscross throughout the matrix. In the micrograph, the reticular fibers are thin, dark, and seem to travel between the many deeply stained cells. — **Effigy 4.three.iii – Reticular Tissue:** This is a loose connective tissue made up of a network of reticular fibers that provides a supportive framework for soft organs (LM × 1600). (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School © 2012)

Dumbo Connective Tissue

Dense connective tissue contains more collagen fibers than does loose connective tissue. As a consequence, it displays greater resistance to stretching and a higher tensile forcefulness. In that location are three major categories of dense connective tissue: regular, irregular, and elastic. Dense regular connective tissue fibers are parallel to each other, enhancing tensile strength and resistance to stretching in the management of the cobweb orientations. Ligaments and tendons are generally formed from dense regular connective tissue.

In dumbo irregular connective tissue, the system of proteins fibers is irregular and lacks the uniformity seen in dense regular . This system gives the tissue greater force in all directions and less force in any one item management. In some tissues, fibers crisscross and form a mesh. In other tissues, stretching in several directions is achieved by alternating layers where fibers run in the aforementioned orientation in each layer, and information technology is the layers themselves that are stacked at an bending. The dermis of the pare is an example of dense irregular connective tissue rich in collagen fibers.

Dense elastic tissue contains elastin fibers in addition to collagen fibers, which allows the tissue to return to its original length later on stretching. Dumbo rubberband tissues give arterial walls the strength and the ability to regain original shape after stretching (dense CT figure).

Part A shows a diagram of regular dense connective tissue alongside a micrograph. The tissue is composed of parallel, thread-like collagen fibers running vertically through the diagram. Between the vertical fibers, several dark, oval shaped fibroblast nuclei are visible. In the micrograph, the whitish collagen strands run horizontally. Several dark purple fibroblast nuclei are embedded in the lightly stained matrix. Part B shows a diagram of irregular dense connective tissue on the left and a micrograph on the right. In the diagram, the collagen fibers are arranged in bundles that curve and loop throughout the tissue. The fibers within a bundle run parallel to each other, but separate bundles crisscross throughout the tissue. Because of this, the irregular dense connective tissue appears less organized than the regular dense connective tissue. This is also evident in the micrograph, where the white collagen bundles radiate throughout the micrograph in all directions. The fibroblasts are visible as red stained cells with dark purple nuclei. — **Figure four.3.4 – Dense Connective Tissue:** (a) Dense regular connective tissue consists of collagenous fibers packed into parallel bundles. (b) Dense irregular connective tissue consists of collagenous fibers interwoven into a mesh-like network. From acme, LM × 1000, LM × 200. (Micrographs provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical Schoolhouse © 2012)

**Figure 4.3.4a – Dense Elastic Connective Tissue**: Dense elastic connective tissue consists of high proportion of elastic fiber.

Disorders of the Connective Tissue: Tendinitis

Your opponent stands gear up every bit you prepare to striking the serve, simply you are confident that you will smash the ball past your opponent. As you toss the ball loftier in the air, a called-for hurting shoots across your wrist and you driblet the tennis racket. That dull anguish in the wrist that you ignored through the summer is now an unbearable pain. The game is over for now.

Afterward examining your swollen wrist, the doctor in the emergency room announces that you have developed wrist tendinitis. She recommends icing the tender surface area, taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication to ease the pain and to reduce swelling, and complete residuum for a few weeks. She interrupts your protests that you cannot stop playing. She issues a stern warning nearly the take chances of aggravating the status and the possibility of surgery. She consoles you by mentioning that well known tennis players such as Venus and Serena Williams and Rafael Nadal have also suffered from tendinitis related injuries.

What is tendinitis and how did it happen? Tendinitis is the inflammation of a tendon, the thick band of gristly connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone. The condition causes pain and tenderness in the expanse effectually a joint. Most often, the condition results from repetitive motions over time that strain the tendons needed to perform the tasks.

Persons whose jobs and hobbies involve performing the same movements over and over again are often at the greatest chance of tendinitis. You lot hear of tennis and golfer's elbow, jumper'southward knee, and swimmer'southward shoulder. In all cases, overuse of the joint causes a microtrauma that initiates the inflammatory response. Tendinitis is routinely diagnosed through a clinical examination. In case of severe pain, X-rays can be examined to dominion out the possibility of a bone injury. Severe cases of tendinitis can even tear loose a tendon. Surgical repair of a tendon is painful. Connective tissue in the tendon does not accept abundant claret supply and heals slowly.

While older adults are at take a chance for tendinitis because the elasticity of tendon tissue decreases with age, agile people of all ages tin develop tendinitis. Immature athletes, dancers, and computer operators; anyone who performs the same movements constantly is at risk for tendinitis. Although repetitive motions are unavoidable in many activities and may pb to tendinitis, precautions tin be taken that tin can lessen the probability of developing tendinitis. For active individuals, stretches before exercising and cross preparation or changing exercises are recommended. For the passionate athlete, information technology may be time to accept some lessons to meliorate technique. All of the preventive measures aim to increase the force of the tendon and subtract the stress put on it. With proper rest and managed care, you volition exist back on the courtroom to hit that slice-spin serve over the cyberspace.

External Website

tendonitis

Scout this animation to acquire more than about tendonitis, a painful status acquired by bloated or injured tendons.

Supportive Connective Tissues

2 major forms of supportive connective tissue, cartilage and bone, allow the body to maintain its posture and protect internal organs.

Cartilage

The distinctive appearance of cartilage is due to polysaccharides called chondroitin sulfates, which demark with basis substance proteins to course proteoglycans. Embedded within the cartilage matrix are chondrocytes, or cartilage cells, and the space they occupy are called lacunae (singular = lacuna). A layer of dense irregular connective tissue, the perichondrium, encapsulates the cartilage. Cartilaginous tissue is avascular, thus, all nutrients need to lengthened through the matrix to achieve the chondrocytes. This is a factor contributing to the very slow healing of cartilaginous tissues.

The three chief types of cartilage tissue are hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage (Figure 4.3.5 – Types of Cartilage). Hyaline cartilage, the most mutual type of cartilage in the body, consists of brusk and dispersed collagen fibers and contains big amounts of proteoglycans. Under the microscope, tissue samples appear clear. The surface of hyaline cartilage is smooth. Both potent and flexible, it is found in the rib cage and olfactory organ and covers basic where they encounter to class moveable joints. It forms the template of the embryonic skeleton before bone formation. A plate of hyaline cartilage at the ends of bone allows connected growth until machismo. Fibrocartilage is tough because it has thick bundles of collagen fibers dispersed through its matrix. The intervertebral discs are examples of fibrocartilage. Rubberband cartilage contains rubberband fibers as well as collagen and proteoglycans. This tissue provides support too as elasticity. Tug gently at your ear lobes, and notice that the lobes render to their initial shape. The external ear contains elastic cartilage.

Part A of this diagram is a drawing and a micrograph of hyaline cartilage. The cartilage contains chondrocytes encapsulated in lacunae. Several of the lacunae are joined into groups or small stacks and embedded in the surrounding matrix. The micrograph shows the lacunae as white rings surrounding the purple staining chondrocytes. Some occur as joined pairs while others are embedded singly within the pink staining matrix. Image B shows a diagram and a micrograph of fibrocartilage that contains many fine collagen fibers embedded in the matrix. The collagen fibers are roughly parallel to each but run through the matrix in a wavy fashion. There are also four round chondrocyte cells embedded within the matrix. In the micrograph, the matrix is shaded red and the collagen fibers are visible in white. The lacunae are clearly visible as a faint purple ring containing several dark purple chondrocytes. Part C shows a diagram and micrograph of elastic cartilage. In the diagram, fine elastic fibers are seen crisscrossing the matrix. Many of the elastic fibers branch off from each other, unlike the collagen fibers depicted in parts A and B. The lacunae are clearly visible as white rings containing stained chondrocytes. The fibers stain deeply in this micrograph and can been seen crisscrossing through the tissue. — **Figure 4.3.5 – Types of Cartilage:** Cartilage is a connective tissue consisting of collagenous fibers embedded in a business firm matrix of chondroitin sulfates. (a) Hyaline cartilage provides back up with some flexibility. The example is from dog tissue. (b) Fibrocartilage provides some compressibility and can absorb pressure. (c) Elastic cartilage provides house merely rubberband support. From top, LM × 300, LM × 1200, LM × 1016. (Micrographs provided past the Regents of Academy of Michigan Medical School © 2012)

Bone

Bone is the hardest connective tissue. It provides protection to internal organs and supports the body. Bone's rigid extracellular matrix contains mostly collagen fibers embedded in a mineralized ground substance containing hydroxyapatite, a course of calcium phosphate. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of os. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter hands. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide picayune support. Osteoblasts are the active os forming cells, producing the organic part of the extracellular matrix. The mature bone cells, osteocytes, are located within lacunae. Bone is a highly vascularized tissue. Unlike cartilage, bone tissue tin recover from injuries in a relatively short time.

The histology of a cantankerous exclusive view of compact bone shows a typical arrangement of osteocytes in concentric circles around a central canal. This structural unit of meaty os is chosen the osteon. There is no such structural unit of measurement in cancellous bone, or spongy bone, which looks similar a sponge under the microscope and contains empty spaces betwixt trabeculae. It is lighter than compact os and found in the interior of bones and at the end of long bones. Compact bone is solid and has greater structural strength.

Fluid Connective Tissue

Claret and lymph are fluid connective tissues. Cells circulate in a liquid extracellular matrix. The formed elements circulating in blood are all derived from hematopoietic stem cells located in bone marrow (Figure 4.3.half dozen – Claret: A Fluid Connective Tissue). Erythrocytes, red blood cells, transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. Leukocytes, white claret cells, are responsible for defending against potentially harmful microorganisms or molecules. Platelets are cell fragments involved in claret clotting. Some white blood cells have the power to cantankerous the endothelial layer that lines blood vessels and enter adjacent tissues. Nutrients, salts, and wastes are dissolved in the liquid matrix and transported through the body.

Lymph contains a liquid matrix and white blood cells. Lymphatic capillaries are highly permeable, allowing larger molecules and excess fluid from interstitial spaces to enter the lymphatic vessels. Lymph vessels return molecules and fluid to the venous blood that could non otherwise straight enter the bloodstream. In this way, specialized lymphatic capillaries transport absorbed fats away from the intestine and deliver these molecules to the blood.

This micrograph of a blood smear shows a group of red blood cells and a single white blood cell. The red cells are small discs which have a slight depression at their centers with no nuclei present. The white blood cell is larger and more darkly stained and has a large, prominent nucleus that is also darkly stained. — **Figure 4.iii.vi – Blood: A Fluid Connective Tissue:** Blood is a fluid connective tissue containing erythrocytes and various types of leukocytes that circulate in a liquid extracellular matrix (LM × 1600). (Micrograph provided by the Regents of Academy of Michigan Medical School © 2012)

External Website

10quiz

Visit this link to examination your connective tissue noesis with this ten-question quiz. Can y'all name the x tissue types shown in the histology slides?

Chapter Review

Connective tissue is a heterogeneous tissue with many prison cell shapes and tissue architecture. Structurally, all connective tissues incorporate cells that are embedded in an extracellular matrix stabilized by proteins. The chemic nature and physical layout of the extracellular matrix and proteins vary enormously amid tissues, reflecting the variety of functions that connective tissue fulfills in the body. Connective tissues split and absorber organs, protecting them from shifting or traumatic injuries. Connective tissues likewise provide support and assistance move, store and send free energy molecules, protect against infections, and contribute to temperature homeostasis.

Many different cells contribute to the germination of connective tissues. They originate in the mesodermal germ layer and differentiate from mesenchyme and hematopoietic tissue in the os marrow. Fibroblasts are the almost abundant and secrete many protein fibers, adipocytes specialize in fatty storage, hematopoietic cells from the os marrow give rise to all the blood cells, chondrocytes class cartilage, and osteocytes course bone. The extracellular matrix contains fluid, proteins, polysaccharide derivatives, and, in the case of bone, mineral crystals. Protein fibers fall into 3 major groups: collagen fibers (which are thick, strong, flexible, and resist stretch), reticular fibers (which are thin and grade a supportive mesh, and elastin (fibers that are thin and rubberband).

The major types of connective tissue are connective tissue proper, supportive tissue, and fluid tissue. Loose connective tissue proper includes adipose tissue, areolar tissue, and reticular tissue. These serve to hold organs and other tissues in place and, in the case of adipose tissue, isolate and store energy reserves. The matrix is the most abundant feature for loose tissue although adipose tissue does not have much extracellular matrix. Dense connective tissue proper is richer in fibers and may be regular, with fibers oriented in parallel as in ligaments and tendons, irregular, with fibers oriented in several directions, or elastic, with a large amount of the protein elastin embedded within the fibers. Organ capsules (collagenous type) and walls of arteries (rubberband type) contain dense, irregular connective tissue. Cartilage and os are supportive tissue. Cartilage contains chondrocytes and is somewhat flexible. Hyaline cartilage is shine and articulate, covers joints, and is found in the growing portion of basic. Fibrocartilage is tough because of extra collagen fibers and forms, amongst other things, the intervertebral discs. Elastic cartilage tin can stretch and recoil to its original shape considering of its high content of elastic fibers. Bones are made of a rigid, mineralized matrix containing calcium salts, crystals, and osteocytes lodged in lacunae. Bone tissue is highly vascularized. Cancellous bone is spongy and less solid than compact bone. Fluid tissue, for example blood and lymph, is characterized past a liquid matrix and no supporting fibers.

Interactive Link Questions

Visit this link to examination your connective tissue knowledge with this 10-question quiz. Can you proper noun the 10 tissue types shown in the histology slides?

Click at the bottom of the quiz for the answers.

Review Questions

Critical Thinking Questions

1 of the main functions of connective tissue is to integrate organs and organ systems in the body. Talk over how claret fulfills this role.

Blood is a fluid connective tissue, a variety of specialized cells that circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins in a liquid extracellular matrix. Claret contains formed elements derived from bone marrow. Erythrocytes, or red claret cells, transport the gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are responsible for the defense of the organism against potentially harmful microorganisms or molecules. Platelets are jail cell fragments involved in blood clotting. Some cells have the ability to cross the endothelial layer that lines vessels and enter adjacent tissues. Nutrients, salts, and waste are dissolved in the liquid matrix and transported through the trunk.

Why does an injury to cartilage, especially hyaline cartilage, heal much more than slowly than a os fracture?

A layer of dense irregular connective tissue covers cartilage. No claret vessels supply cartilage tissue. Injuries to cartilage heal very slowly because cells and nutrients needed for repair diffuse slowly to the injury site.

Source: https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/4-3-connective-tissue-supports-and-protects/

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